AD and NP created the figures. of immunological tolerance in autoimmunity. This review discusses how specific glycans (with a focus on gene) have been demonstrated to control different T cells functions by targeting different T cells receptors (such as TCR, CD25, and CD4) and therefore regulating T cell proliferation, T cell differentiation, T cell signaling as well as the production of inflammatory cytokines. Alterations on GnT-V activity but also in alpha-mannosidase II (-MII) as well as in gene) and II (GnT-II, gene) activity were shown to compromise T cell homeostasis being associated with the development of several autoimmune disorders in humans and mouse models (such as EAE, IBD, SLE, TID). The FUT8-mediated core fucosylation of TCR was associated with hyperactivation of CD4+ T cells (T cells autoreactivity) whereas the modification of the co-inhibitory receptors (CTLA-4 and PD-1) by FUT8-mediated core fucose results in immune tolerance. The T cell development and T cell self-renewal are controlled by GnT-I-mediated glycosylation and by is poorly expressed in CD4+CD8+ double positive (DP) thymocytes, but when ectopically expressed in that population (under expression in DNs facilitate Notch interactions with DLLs and the dramatic downregulation of in DPs coincides with Notch-independent reactions of T cell development. The final commitment to the Trans-Tranilast T cell lineage occurs at the DN3 stage, where a recombination-activating genes (RAG)-mediated productive rearrangement of the leads to the expression of the ? chain of the TCR (TCR?) and the formation of a pre-TCR signaling complex (13, 19). Role of glycans in thymocyte ? selection Together with Notch and Interleukin (IL)-7, the pre-TCR signaling initiates ?-selection, by inducing the downregulation of the RAG complex expression (and overexpression, but not in a deficient mice, the DN populations were decreased, beginning at the DN1 subset. Microarray data showed a downregulation of CD96 (receptor molecule of nectin-1, that plays a putative role in cell migration) in the DN2 Trans-Tranilast and DN3 populations in the deficiency background, and a disruption of thymopoiesis in these mice was proposed. Moreover, ST3 -Galactoside 2,3-Sialyltransferase 1 (ST3Gal I) expression is decreased in most DN and in all DP, only increasing in single-positive (SP) thymocytes (26). Trans-Tranilast In gene, that encodes for a Golgi branching enzyme and in human (30). In a model of positive selection, it was demonstrated that branching gene, which compromises deficient mice (30, 61). Furthermore, absence of -mannosidase II (which catalyses the last hydrolysis of the -mannose), was shown to result in signs of glomerulonephritis, deposits of glomerular IgM immunocomplexes and Trans-Tranilast complement component 3 as well as high levels of anti-nuclear antibodies (63, 64), which is consistent with a Lupus-like syndrome (Figure ?(Figure2).2). Taken together, these evidences support the role of deletion at the Synapsin I(abundant in neural tissues), presented neurological defects, with high levels of neuronal apoptosis and Trans-Tranilast caspase 3 activation (66). These high levels of apoptosis are observed in several autoimmune diseases, which results in activation of immune system (67) (Figure ?(Figure2).2). Although highly unexplored, rare autoimmune diseases are also associated with polymorphisms were associated with MS severity (79) together with Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (80C82). Additionally, in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), it was also demonstrated that T lymphocytes from ulcerative colitis (UC) patients exhibited a deficiency in 1,6-GlcNAc branching gene expression (83). Importantly, low levels of branched and models (94). In accordance, Tregs from healthy humans and mice were shown to display an increased variability on its was shown to result in the reduction of the gene increasing branched and studies, the binding to sialylated antigens by siglec-E expressed on DCs promoted an increase of antigen-specific Treg response and a reduced numbers of antigen-specific Teff cell response, associated with tumor growth (108, 109). Indeed, the sialylated tumor antigens, such as Sialyl-Tn (sTn) and Sialyl-T (sT) expressed in mucins, namely MUC1, were associated with tumor immune tolerance. The recognition of MUC1-ST by siglec-9 on tumor-infiltrating macrophages PECAM1 was shown to initiate inhibitory immune pathways mediated by MEK-ERK signaling (110). Moreover, siglec-binding to sTn-expressing mucins, led to the maturation of DCs and DC-mediated.